Q. In Gram-staining, iodine is used as a______________

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Q. Which of the following is the example of Gram-negative bacteria?

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Q. In which of the following situations will the logarithmic plot of survivors be constant?

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Q. A suspension of E.coli exposed to a heat treatment may yield a greater number of survivors if a plating medium of _____________ is used.

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Q. We require less time to kill the population of many cells.

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Q. The effectiveness of heat in killing microorganisms is much greater in _____________

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Q. A high concentration of which of the following compounds in the material generally increases the thermal resistance of microorganisms?

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Q. Which of the following show the maximum resistance to physical and chemical agents?

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Q. How much time is required by the young cells to be killed by a lethal agent?

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Q. Which of the following actions are not affected by antimicrobial agents?

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Q. Among the following which one is the most effective method of killing microorganisms?

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Q. How much time is required by spores of Clostridium botulinum to be killed by moist heat at 1200C?

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Q. Vegetative cells are much more sensitive to heat than are spores.

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Q. Which of the following conditions are required for determination of thermal death time?

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Q. Which of the following apparatus is used to provide steam under regulated pressure?

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Q. The general pressure at which the autoclave is operated is ___________

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Q. Some amount of air is also essential inside the chamber of the autoclave.

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Q. Which of the following methods is used for killing microorganisms of only certain types and not all microorganisms?

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Q. Which of the following instruments is used to perform tyndallization?

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Q. Which of the following actions occur due to low temperature?

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