Q. How many types of sources of optical light are available?

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Q. The frequency of the absorbed or emitted radiation is related to difference in energy E between the higher energy state E₂ and the lower energy state E₁. State what h stands for in the given equation?

E = E₂ - E₁ = hf

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Q. The radiation emission process (emission of a proton at frequency) can occur in __________ ways.

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Q. Which process gives the laser its special properties as an optical source?

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Q. An incandescent lamp is operating at a temperature of 1000K at an operating frequency of 5.2×10¹⁴ Hz. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to spontaneous emission rate.

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Q. The lower energy level contains more atoms than upper level under the conditions of ________________

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Q. __________________ in the laser occurs when photon colliding with an excited atom causes the stimulated emission of a second photon.

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Q. A ruby laser has a crystal of length 3 cm with a refractive index of 1.60, wavelength 0.43 μm. Determine the number of longitudinal modes.

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Q. A semiconductor laser crystal of length 5 cm, refractive index 1.8 is used as an optical source. Determine the frequency separation of the modes.

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Q. Doppler broadening is a homogeneous broadening mechanism.

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Q. An injection laser has active cavity losses of 25 cm⁻¹ and the reflectivity of each laser facet is 30%. Determine the laser gain coefficient for the cavity it has a length of 500 μm.

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Q. Longitudinal modes contribute only a single spot of light to the laser output.

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Q. Considering the values given below, calculate the mode separation in terms of free space wavelength for a laser. (Frequency separation = 2 GHz, Wavelength = 0.5 μm)

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Q. A perfect semiconductor crystal containing no impurities or lattice defects is called as __________

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Q. The energy-level occupation for a semiconductor in thermal equilibrium is described by the __________

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Q. What is done to create an extrinsic semiconductor?

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Q. The majority of the carriers in a p-type semiconductor are __________

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Q. _________________ is used when the optical emission results from the application of electric field.

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Q. In the given equation, what does p stands for?

p = 2πhk

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Q. The recombination in indirect band-gap semiconductors is slow.

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