Q. In the __________ topology, the data generally circulates bi-directionally.

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Q. The ring and star topologies are combined in a ________ configuration.

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Q. The full-mesh configuration is complex.

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Q. How many networking modes are available to establish a transmission path?

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Q. Packet switching is also called as ___________

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Q. ___________ mode is temporary, selective and continuous.

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Q. A _______________ is a series of logical connections between the source and destination nodes.

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Q. ____________ refers to the process whereby a node finds one or more paths to possible destinations in a network.

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Q. How many stages are possessed by the control plane?

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Q. Electrical devices in optical network are basically used for _____________

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Q. Signals are defined as ________________ if their significant instants occur at nominally the same rate, any variation being constrained within specific limits.

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Q. The bit stuffing in the plesiochronous digital hierarchy is complex and uneconomic.

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Q. A ____________ digital hierarchy was required to enable the international communications network to evolve in the optical fiber era.

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Q. The standardization towards a synchronous optical network termed SONET commenced in US in _______

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Q. ______________ is a packetized multiplexing and switching technique which combines the benefits of circuit and packet switching.

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Q. The ___________ sits at the top of hierarchy of the OSI layer model.

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Q. The ____________ controls the dialogs between intelligent devices.

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Q. The network layer looks after the flow and error control mechanism.

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Q. The physical layer is located at the bottom of the OSI model.

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Q. In order to access for end-to-end networking of optical channels to transparently convey information, the _____________ is employed in the OTN structure.

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