Q. S1: But how does a new word get into the dictionary?
P : When a new dictionary is being edited, a lexicographer collects all the alphabetically arranged citation slips for a particular word.
Q : The dictionary makers notice it and make a note of it on a citation slip.
R : The moment new word is coined, it usually enter the spoken language.
S : The word then passes from the realm of hearing to the realm of writing.
S6: He sorts them according to their grammatical function, and carefully writes a definition.
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Q. S1: This weather-vane often tops a church spire, tower or high building.
P : They are only wind-vanes.
Q : Neither alone can tell us what the weather will be.
R : They are designed to point to direction from which the wind is coming.
S : Just as the barometer only tells us the pressure of air, the weather-vane tells us the direction of wind.
S6: The weather-vane can, however give us some indication of other.
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Q. S1: Throughout history man has used energy from the sun.
P : Today, when we burn wood or use electric current we are drawing an energy.
Q : However we now have a new supply of energy.
R : All our ordinary life depends on sun.
S : This has come from the sun.
S6: This energy comes from inside atoms.
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Q. S1: Politeness is not a quality possessed by only one nation or race.
P : One may observe that a man of one nation will remove his hat or fold his hands by way of greetings when he meets someone he knows.
Q : A man of another country will not to do so.
R : It is a quality to be found among all peoples and nations in every corner of the earth.
S : Obviously, each person follows the custom of his particular country.
S6: In any case, we should not mock at others habits.
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Q. S1: Smoke oozed up between the planks.
P : Passengers were told to be ready to quit the ship.
Q : The rising gale fanned the smouldering fire.
R : Everyone now knew there was fire on board.
S : Flames broke out here and there.
S6: Most people bore the shock bravely.
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Q. S1: All the land was covered by the ocean.
P : The leading god fought the monster, killed it and chopped its body in to two halves.
Q : A terrible monster prevented the gods from separating the land from the water.
R : The god made the sky out of the upper part of the body and ornamented it with stars.
S : The god created the earth from the lower part, grew plants on it and populated it with animals.
S6: The god moulded the first people out of clay according to his own image and mind.
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Q. S1: For some time in his youth Abraham Lincoln was manager for a shop.
P : Then a chance Customer would come.
Q : Young Lincoln way of keeping shop was entirely unlike anyone else's
R : Lincoln would jump up and attend to his needs and then revert to his reading.
S : He used to lie full length on the counter of the shop eagerly reading a book.
S6: Never before had Lincoln had so much time for reading as had then.
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Q. S1: Calcutta unlike other cities kepts its trams.
P : As a result there horrendous congestion.
Q : It was going to be the first in South Asia.
R : They run down the centre of the road
S : To ease in the city decided to build an underground railway line.
S6: The foundation stone was laid in 1972.
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Q. S1: A force of exists between everybody in the universe.
P : Normally it is very small but when the one of the bodies is a planet, like earth, the force is considerable.
Q : It has been investigated by many scientists including Galileo and Newton.
R : Everything on or near the surface of the earth is attracted by the mass of earth.
S : This gravitational force depends on the mass of the bodies involved.
S6: The greater the mass, the greater is the earth's force of attraction on it. We can call this force of attraction gravity.
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Q. S1: In the middle of one side of the square sits the Chairman of the committee, the most important person in the room.
P : For a committee is not just a mere collection of individuals.
Q : On him rests much of the responsibility for the success or failure of the committee.
R : While this is happening we have an opportunity to get the 'feel' of this committe.
S : As the meeting opens, he runs briskly through a number of formalities.
S6: From the moment its members meet, it begins to have a sort nebulous life of its own.
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Q. S1: On vacation in Tangier, Morocco, my friend and I sat down at a street cafe.
P : At one point, he bent over with a big smile, showing me, a single gold tooth and a dingy fez.
Q : soon I felt the presence of someone standing alongside me.
R : But this one wouldn't budge.
S : We had been cautioned about beggars and were told to ignore them.
S6: Finally a man walked over to me and whispered, "Hey buddy this guy is your waiter and he wants your order"
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Q. S1: Palaeobotany is the study of fossil plants preserved in rocks dating back in millions of years.
P : Records of the history of the world are contained in fossils.
Q : Through the ages, plants have evolved from simple to more complex forms.
R : First there were water plants then land plants appeared during the Paleozoic era.
S : But since the fossil remains appear locked in rock layers, they are closely related to the geologist area of investigation.
S6: The fossil plants indicate the age of the rock, and also point to facts regarding climate, temperature and topography.
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Q. S1: Hungary, with a population of about 10 million, lies between Czechoslovakia to the north and Yugoslavia to the south.
P : Here a great deal of grain is grown.
Q : In recent years, however, progress has been made also in the field of industrialisation.
R : Most of this country consists of an extremely fertile plain, through which the river Danube flows.
S : In addition to grain, the plain produces potatoes, sugar, wine and livestock.
S6: The new industries derive mainly from agricultural production.
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Q. S1: Satyajit Ray made several films for children.
P : Later film makers have followed his lead.
Q : Today other nations are making the children's film in a big way.
R : This was at a time when no director considered children as potential audience.
S : Ray was, thus, a pioneer in the field.
S6: But today few think of Ray as a maker of children's films.
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Q. S1: Ants eat worms, centipedes and spiders.
P : They are usually much quicker than the ant itself.
Q : Nevertheless, these animals do not make easy game for ants.
R : Besides, they have an extraordinary number of ways of escaping.
S : They also eat larvae and insect adults such as flies, moths and spring tails.
S6: Some jump, and some give out a pungent repellent substance.
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Q. S1: A gentleman who lived alone always had two plates placed on the table at dinner time.
P : One day just as he sat down to dine, the cat rushed in to the room.
Q : One plate was for himself and other was for his cat.
R : she drooped a mouse into her own plate and another into her master plate.
S : He used to give the cat a piece of meat from his own plate.
S6: In this way the cat showed her gratitude to her master.
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Q. S1: I keep on flapping my big ears all day.
P : They also fear that I will flip them all away.
Q : But children wonder why I flap them so.
R : I flap them so to make sure they are safely there on either side of my head.
S : But I know what I am doing.
S6: Am I not a smart, intelligent elephant?
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Q. S1: The art of growing old is one which the passage of time has forced upon my attention.
P : One of these is undue absorption in the past.
Q : One's thought must be directed to the future and to things about which there is something to be done.
R : Psychologically, there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.
S : It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friend who are dead.
S6: This is not always easy one's own past is gradually increasing weight.
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Q. S1: A ceiling on urban property.
P : No mill-owner could own factories or mills or plants.
Q : And mass circulation papers
R : Would mean that
S : No press magnate could own printing presses.
S6: since their value would exceed the ceiling fixed by the government.
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Q. S1: While talking to a group, one should feel self-confident and courageous.
P : Nor is it a gift bestowed by providence on only a few.
Q : One should also learn how to think calmly and clearly.
R : It is like the ability to play golf.
S : It is not as difficult as most men imagine.
S6: Any man can develop his capacity if he has the desire to do so.
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