Q. The second step in phylogenetic analysis is to construct sequence alignment. This is probably the most critical step in the procedure because it establishes positional correspondence in evolution.

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Q. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

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Q. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about Newick Format?

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Q. Sometimes a tree-building method may result in several equally optimal trees. A consensus tree can be built by showing the commonly resolved bifurcating portions and collapsing the ones that disagree among the trees, which results in a polytomy.

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Q. The number of rooted trees (NR) for n taxa is ______

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Q. For unrooted trees, the number of unrooted tree topologies (NU) is ________

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Q. It can be computationally very demanding to find a true phylogenetic tree when the number of sequences is large.

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Q. Which of the following is incorrect statement about Molecular Markers?

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Q. For studying the evolution of ________ divergent groups of organisms, one may choose either ______ nucleotide sequences, such as ribosomal RNA or protein sequences.

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Q. In many cases ______ sequences are preferable to ______ sequences because they are relatively ____ conserved.

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Q. Protein sequences can remain the same while the corresponding DNA sequences have more room for variation.

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Q. DNA sequences are sometimes more biased than protein sequences because of preferential codon usage in different organisms.

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Q. In Jukes–Cantor Model to correct evolutionary distances, A formula for deriving evolutionary distances that include hidden changes is introduced by using a logarithmic function. It is ____

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Q. Which of the following is untrue about distance based methods?

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Q. Which of the following is untrue about the Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Average?

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Q. The basic assumption of the UPGMA method is that all taxa evolve at a constant rate and that they are equally distant from the root, implying that a molecular clock is in effect.

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Q. In the Neighbor Joining step, The UPGMA method uses unweighted distances and assumes that all taxa have constant evolutionary rates.

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Q. Corrects for unequal evolutionary rates between sequences by using a conversion step. This conversion requires the calculations of “r-values” and “transformed r-values” using the following formula ______

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Q. A generalized expression of the r-value is ri calculated based on the following formula _______

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Q. The tree construction process is somewhat similar to that used UPGMA.

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