Q. DNA sequences are sometimes more biased than protein sequences because of preferential codon usage in different organisms.

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Q. In Jukes–Cantor Model to correct evolutionary distances, A formula for deriving evolutionary distances that include hidden changes is introduced by using a logarithmic function. It is ____

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Q. Which of the following is untrue about distance based methods?

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Q. Which of the following is untrue about the Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Average?

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Q. The basic assumption of the UPGMA method is that all taxa evolve at a constant rate and that they are equally distant from the root, implying that a molecular clock is in effect.

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Q. In the Neighbor Joining step, The UPGMA method uses unweighted distances and assumes that all taxa have constant evolutionary rates.

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Q. Corrects for unequal evolutionary rates between sequences by using a conversion step. This conversion requires the calculations of “r-values” and “transformed r-values” using the following formula ______

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Q. A generalized expression of the r-value is ri calculated based on the following formula _______

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Q. The tree construction process is somewhat similar to that used UPGMA.

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Q. Which of the following is untrue about the Optimality-Based Methods?

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Q. Which of the following is untrue about the Fitch–Margoliash?

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Q. Minimum evolution (ME) constructs a tree with a similar procedure, but uses a different optimality criterion that finds a tree among all possible trees with a minimum overall branch length. The optimality criterion relies on the formula S = ∑bi where bi is the (i)th branch length.

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Q. Which of the following is incorrect statement about Character-based methods?

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Q. Which of the following is incorrect statement about Maximum Parsimony Method?

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Q. Which of the following is incorrect statement about Building Work of MP tree?

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Q. Because these ancestral character states are not known directly, multiple possible solutions may exist. In this case, the parsimony principle applies to choose the character states that result in a minimum number of substitutions.

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Q. The unweighted method treats all mutations as equivalent.

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Q. Which of the following is incorrect statement about Tree-Searching Methods?

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Q. Which of the following is incorrect statement about branch-and-bound?

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Q. The branch-and-bound method starts building trees in a similar way as in the exhaustive method.

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